Dermatophytoses (dermatomycoses) are infections of the skin and its appendages caused by fungi called dermatophytes. These fungi are pathogenic to humans and affect the superficial layers of the skin, nails and scalp.
They are highly contagious and have keratinophilic and keratinolytic properties, meaning they feed on keratin in the skin, hair and nails. They are classified into three groups: anthropophilic, zoophilic and geophilic.
Anthropophilic dermatophytes are transmitted from person to person, adapted to humans and cause milder but chronic infections.
Zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes are not adapted to humans. Infection occurs through contact with infected animals or soil and they cause stronger immune reactions and more acute infections.
Common dermatophyte genera include Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton. The most frequent causes of infections are Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
They appear as red, ring-shaped lesions with raised, scaly borders and central clearing. Lesions may be single (a few millimeters in size) or multiple, merging into larger areas. Itching is a common symptom.
Initial suspicion is based on clinical examination and characteristic skin, hair or nail changes. Diagnosis is confirmed by microbiological analysis of skin scrapings, hair or nail samples, including microscopic examination for fungal elements.
If fungal infection is confirmed, topical antifungal therapy is prescribed (creams, ointments, solutions, sprays). Oral antifungal treatment is indicated for scalp and nail infections, as well as persistent infections of the hands and feet.
Risk factors include malnutrition, fatigue, weakened immunity and prolonged use of antibiotics or cytostatics. Regular hygiene of the skin—especially hands, feet, and scalp—is strongly recommended to prevent infection.
